Agricultural Studies

Plant height differed significantly among the genotypes in both the years (2008 and 2009). In 2008, genotype Dale recorded highest plant height (360.0 cm), followed by M81E (346.4 cm) and lowest being Top76-6 (328.0 cm) (Table 1). However during 2009, M81E recorded the maximum plant height (373.6), followed by Keller (369.7) and Dale (366.9). Foliar application of chemical sterilants and deheading showed significant difference in both the years (Table 1 and 2). In 2008, deheading had the lowest plant height compared to chemical sterilants and deheading (Table 5). Similarly, the maximum height was recorded in t-Cinnamic acid (372.1 cm) and the lowest in deheading (329.0 cm) (Table 6). Furthermore, interaction of genotypes and treatments was significant during the years, 2008 and 2009 (Table 1 and 2).

The data in Table 1 show higher plant stature for all treatments and genotypes across the years, except for the genotype Top 76-6, where increase in plant height was only noted in the t-Cinnamic acid treatment. Compared with the control, the Keller genotype was responsive to sterilent treatments as indicated by increase in plant height for both year 2008 and 2009.  For the year 2008, 8.6  increase in height was noted with t-Cinnamic acid treatment  and 3.7 for p-Coumaric acid treatment.  For year 2009,  3.05  increase in height was noted for t-Coumaric acid treatment and only 0.53 for t-Cinnamic acid treatment.  Dale genotype recorded 1.5 increase in plant height  when treated with t-Cinnamic acid only in 2008. M8IE genotype  showed 1.46 increase in height in 2008 when treated with p-Coumaric acid.   Top 76-6 had height increase of 12.5  with t- Cinnamic acid treatment compared with the control  during 2009.   Not one among the four sorghum genotypes tested responded to deheading  in terms of height increase.

Plant height has several implications it has the potential for high biomass numbers, as the leaves and stalk and grains develop more when they are exposed to sunlight, as these plants adapt to the existing conditions to be more efficient in receiving solar radiation (Hunter  Anderson, 1997). In addition, a taller plant has more internodes, and as an added effect, the plant has the higher chance for the girth of the stem to grow further. Chemical treatments are a good way to increase height, but it does not always work with all genotypes. The Keller genotype is best when chemical sterilants are used in both the short and long term, while the M81E works well when the treatments are done at a later date. The Top76-6 genotype, a fast maturing example, is not recommended for long-term planting, unless treated with t-Cinnamic acid.

Number of leaves
The Number of leaves was differed significantly among the genotypes in both the years (2008 and 2009). In 2008, genotype Top76-6 had the highest number of leaves (16.4), followed by M81E (15.6) and the lowest being Keller (11.7) (Table 3). However, M81E produced more number of leaves (12.4), followed by Keller (11.7) and Dale (11.6) in 2009 (Table 4). Foliar application of chemical sterilants and deheading did not show significant difference for number of leaves in 2008 (Table 1), whereas there was significant difference in 2009 (Table 2). Deheading treatment had the maximum number of leaves (12.5) and the minimum was found in p-Coumaric acid (11.1) (Table 6). The interaction between genotype and treatment was found to be non-significant in both the years (2008 and 2009) (Table 1 and 2).

There has been a decrease of plant leaves in all genotypes after two years. The Top76-6 genotype lost the most number of leaves, while the Keller genotype lost none of its leaves in the span of two years. The t-cinnamic acid treatment caused the highest retention of leaves in 2008, with 8.8. In 2009, deheading treatments kept the highest number of leaves in the plants, with 4.16 retention. A sweet sorghum genotype or cultivar will have the number of leaves dependent on the length of the vegetative period, and its leaves midrib colour can be an indicator of the juiciness of the plants stalk, as well as having fewer leaves than forage or grain sorghum (Hunter  Anderson, 1997).

Number of Internodes
The number of internodes per plant changed with a generally downward trend during the two years. The highest number in 2008 was the Top76-6 genotype, with 16.4 (Table 3). Using the Top 76-6 genotype as a basis, there is a significant change in the Keller and Dale genotypes and there is no major difference in the M81E genotype. During 2009, The highest number of belonged to M81E with a 14.1 (Table 4), with a significant difference over the other three genotypes (Table 4), whose means are more or less the same, with an overlap. During the treatments, p-Coumaric Acid has the highest number of internodes (14.8) and the minimum is deheading (14.2) (Table 5). In 2009, it was t-Cinnamic acid that has the highest number (13.4), while deheading is still the lowest (12.8) (Table 6), it is noted that the means are all very close to each and there is no significant changes (Tables 5 and 6). The treatment by chemical sterilants and deheading in 2008 did not show any significant difference, as well as the genotype-treatment interaction (Table 1). In 2009, it was the genotype-treatment interaction that showed significant difference, everything else was constant (Table 2).
  
 All genotypes showed a loss of internodes per plant in the span of two years, from 2008-2009 (Tables 3 and 4). The treatment that showed the highest loss of the number of internodes was the deheading treatment, which showed a -2.06 retention of internodes per plant. The deheading treatment was below the control figures. In 2009, the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the least internodes per plant, again its figure below the control figures with a  -7.5 retention.  (Tables 5 and 6). The number of internodes per stalk influence the thickness of the stalk (Hunter  Anderson, 1997). In increasing the plants internodes in both the short and long terms, chemical treatments barely have an advantage over letting the plant grow on its own. The advantages are not worth the costs.

The issue of tariffs and trade in the history of the United States offers detailed information on tariff policy formation throughout the history of America as well as reveal the continued essence of the subject in an era of free trade (Northrup  Turney, 2003). Issues involving trade, historically, have played a key role in the making of policy in the Unite States. The tariff for instance has been seen to influence decisions that has led even to major wars. The 1816 tariff passage for example, was intended to assist in the collection of revenue for the U.S Treasury after the military costs of the 1812 war drained it. Governments institute tariffs on imported goods to guard industry within their borders.

In 1897 for instance, an American investor by the name Baruch Mannes invested in the American Sugar Refining Company. A tariff barring foreign sugar had made the enterprise quite popular at that particular time. A Senate bill meant to lower the duty, Baruch thought, would not go through. When Congress eventually defeated the measure, Baruch realized profit was 60,000 on a 300 investment. The sugar industry was also seen to tie countries to the United States. The sugar industry for instance tied Hawaii to the U.S and in 1875 the government of Hawaii secured reciprocity treaty that allowed the entry of tariff free island sugar to the U.S as long as Hawaii did not transfer territorial or economic rights to a third party. The U.S later long revoked the agreement. Consequently, the threat of tariffs to the sugar industry saw the islands plunged into economic crisis.

Historically, according to Krueger (1996), Section 22 quotas on sugar imports and products containing sugar were used not only to protect the United States sugar producers but also give special treatment to identified foreign suppliers. Under the most recent trade restrictions, the domestic production of sugar and beet has been seen to steadily increase since 1980. Soaring domestic sugar prices are also seen as a contribution to the use of high fructose corn sweeteners that increased from less than a fourth of the total caloric sweetener consumption in the period between 1979 and 1981 to almost a half in 1989 to 1991. In 1989, Australia challenged the United States import quotas, under the GATT rules. The reason behind it was that the domestic supply controls were not yet in place at that time. In a measure to settle the GATT dispute, a two-tier tariff regime replaced the import quotas. A limited quantity of imports under this regime, otherwise known as tariff-rate quotas, entered at a low rate of 0.01lb. Any potential additional imports carried with them an over-quota tariff of up to 80 per cent more, which is equivalent to 0.18lb).

While the regime of the two-tier sugar tariff facilitates the access of the United States market in response to the conditions of the world market, not only has the over-quota tariffs been felt as prohibitive, but the two-tier tariffs and the TRQ have also had trade restrictive effects which have been viewed similar to the previous quota system. Imports of sugar have consequently been reduced to less than 2 million metric tons in 1989-1991, from over 3 million metric tons in 1980, in a bid to protect domestic producers. This was just under 15 per cent of the domestic production. Mexico just provided a small fraction of U.S both sugar imports and sugar containing products. Of all the sugar containing products that were imported, Canada provided over a fourth of it.
   
As far back as 1789, the United States government has been involved, directly, in the sugar market which was part of its national policy. A variety of mechanisms have since been used as the U.S sugar policy instruments. They include support prices, subsidies, domestic acreage restrictions, foreign import quotas, and import tariffs Marks (1993). Three major periods characterize the history of the U.S sugar policy. Between 1789 and 1890, tariffs were introduced and imposed on sugar which was as a way of generating revenue for the government. Initially, there was no domestic production to be protected and this saw the growth of domestic production over the years. In 1980, the United States Treasury scrapped the tariffs and this resulted to low-priced world sugar. As a result of the sugar influx, refiners and processors of the U.S received a bounty equivalent to two cents per pound of produced sugar. A tariff of 40 per cent was hence introduced on all imports of sugar in lieu of the bounty, in 1894.

In the 1930s the U.S sugar policy commenced. It was in response to the rapid expansion of the production of world sugar that had driven prices to an extremely low level. It was not sufficient for the ad valorem tariff to support the industry any more. This saw the passing of the sugar Act in 1934. The sugar act hence was able to establish the sugar policy instruments of import quotas so as to not only restrict supply but also to support domestic prices.
   
Government tariffs like the tariffs and the quotas persist as a result of the basic sugar economic fundamentals, as a commodity (Schmitz  Spreen, 2002). 
Some of these fundamentals include
Inelastic supply and demand schedules
Existence of substitutes like the HFCS
Scarcity of processors and refiners
The sweetener industrys economic importance in terms of payroll, jobs, and both indirect and direct economic impact in refining and producing regions.
At the present, sugar policies not only in the United States but also in the rest of the world are in one way or the other affected by the process of the political-decision. In establishing sugar policy, the importance of political power varies from country to country, as opposed to fundamental economic considerations. The combination of inelastic supply, inelastic demand, and the fungible nature of sugar, has been seen to lead to the instability of prices because of the changes in supply, demand, or even both. Intervention of the government to control the volatility of price is made easier due to the small number of control nodes, who are the refiners and processors (Schmitz  Spreen, 2002).

As observed in the diagram above, the United States sugar policy is facilitated in the context of further assumption on the trends affecting the consumptions and production of United States sugar. They include assumptions about crop prices substituting sugarcane and sugar beets and also about technology. The U.S sugar projections are further influenced by factors for instance affecting the demand and supply of Mexican sugar. According to Schmitz  Spreen (2002), sugar baseline presumed the world price for sugar would average approximately U.S 7 cents per pound throughout the year 2003, then in 2004 increase to U.S 8 cents per pound, and finally in 2004 at the remainder of the projections average at U.S 8 cents per pounds.

The United States sugar processors were anticipated to use the sugar loan so as to keep the prices of sugar at or even above U.S 19.68 cents per pound. Trend improvements in the sugar beet and sugar cane harvesting, processing and growing were all expected to continue throughout the projection period.  In addition, in 2003, sugar cane producing states average sugar yield was projected at 4.61 tons per acre and was expected to grow yearly at 0.6 per cent reaching 4.61 tons per acre by the year 2012. In 2003, the U.S sugar beet yield was predicted to reach 3.14 tons per acre, expected to yearly grow at 0.7 per cent to reach 3.35 tons per acre in 2012.    

According to Schmitz  Spreen (2000), the United States sugar policy is already in a major crisis. For instance, producer sugar prices have been seen to drop drastically. Whole sale retail sugar prices for example range from around U.S. 19 cents per pound. This is seen as a 22 year low in nominal provisions, and most likely a historic low in real terms. In the past several years, major U.S commodity prices were sent to push acreage from other crops into sugar cane and sugar beet.

   
Pressures for reform of sugar policy have been mounting despite the resilience to change which has been displayed by the OECD sugar regimes for a long time now (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2007). They include the regional trade agreements, domestic initiatives, and the current WTO Doha round. The agenda is geared towards liberalization of agricultural trade, which includes that of sugar. Even as the multilateral negotiations are going on, there are regional trades as well as unilateral initiatives that have been seen to have potential implications for the reform of the sugar policy in the United States.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development adds that for the United States, the prospect of an integrated sugar market with Mexico from the year 2008 has repercussions for the current United States sugar program sustainability. In addition to this, the United States is in the process of discussing a number of free and bilateral trade agreements. This will include some 28 countries that are not only significant sugar exporters but also who have duty free access to the United States market. IN the recent USAustralia Free Trade Agreement for instance, sugar was seen to be excluded from coverage of the agreement. In yet another agreement with the U.S, commonly known as Central American Free Trade Agreement facilitates a limited additional access to imports of sugar from the Central American countries, usually after an extended transition period. In as much as the impacts of these sugar trade agreements have been limited to date, it still may be difficult to continue to limit sugar coverage in some regional agreements of the future, an example being the Free Trade of the Americas Agreement which is being discussed with countries of Central and South America.

Increased access of the market as a result of the United States liberalization of sugar trade would imply changes in the United States sugar program (Sugar and Sweetener Situation and Outlook Year book, 2001). Assuming the present loan rate was retained, it would subsequently have to be reduces so as to prevent large forfeitures to the United States Department of Agriculture. According to baseline analysis, a sugar loan rate of say 14 cents per pound, which is less 4 cents in the current loan rate, would be essential if preventing sugar forfeitures to the CCC are to be successful, if the United States minimum sugar import obligation were to increase by 50 per cent.

The tightening of the margin between the United States and the world prices may eventually end up limiting high-tier tariff imports from countries like Mexico and at the same time exert pressure on high-cost suppliers of quota. In order to make the sugar TRQ practical, it would call for the modification of the current system of allocating shares on the basis of historical trade patterns. This would see the elimination of those countries that the world U.S price margins appear to be no longer sufficiently wide to facilitate viable exports. Quite a large portion of United States supplies would consequently be sourced from low cost producers like Australia, Brazil and even Mexico.

Increases in sugar (), extractable juice, brix  (), sugar yield (t ha-1), and harvest index  indicates  positive response of the four genotypes of  sweet sorghum to chemical sterilents and deheading treatments.    Dale genotype responded best based on sugar ()  and sugar yield  when deheaded followed by Keller genotype for the same treatment.  The magnitude of increase in brix () of Dale genotype was also the highest among the four genotypes  tested, with deheading treatment followed by M8IE.  Top76-6 was the most responsive in terms of extractable juice when applied with p-Coumaric acid followed by Dale genotype treated similarly.  Excellent performance as indicated by  almost triple increase in harvest index was noted for Top76-6 genotype applied with t-Cinnamic acid chemical sterilent.  Thus, Dale genotype was the best performer for sugar yield when deheaded  and  Top76-6 for grain yield when treated with t-Cinnamic acid sterilent.

Results
    Plant height.  The data in Table 1 show higher plant stature  for all treatments and genotypes from year 2008 to 2009, except for the genotype Top 76-6, where increase in plant height was only noted in the t-Cinnamic acid sterilent treatment.  Compared with the control,  Keller genotype was responsive to sterilent treatments as indicated by increase in plant height for both year 2008 and 2009.  For the year 2008, 8.6  increase in height was noted with t-Cinnamic acid treatment  and 3.7 for p-Coumaric acid treatment.  For year 2009,  3.05  increase in height was noted for t-Coumaric acid treatment and only 0.53 for t-Cinnamic acid treatment.  Dale genotype recorded 1.5 increase in plant height  when treated with t-Cinnamic acid only in 2008.   M8IE  genotype  showed 1.46 increase in height in 2008 when treated with p-Coumaric acid.   Top 76-6 had height increase of 12.5  with t- Cinnamic acid treatment compared with the control  during 2009.   Not one among the four sorghum genotypes tested responded to deheading  in terms of height increase.

    Brix ().  The data in Table 2 show that Dale genotype responded positively to deheading and sterilent treatment with increase in brix  relative to the control.  There was 3.19  increase in brix () when deheading was employed, 15.96  increase  with p-Coumaric acid treatment and 11.66  increase with t-Cinnamic acid application.  Keller genotype was only responsive to deheading as reflected in 3.3 increase of brix () but not with sterilent application.  The genotype M8IE gave a positive response to deheading with 4.6 increase in brix ()  and  t-Cinnamic acid sterilant as indicated by 1.7 increase in brix ().  Top 76-6  did not respond favorably to deheading in terms of brix ()  with slight response noted with sterilent treatment being 1.58 increase in brix () for t-Cinnamic acid application and 0.53 increase for p-Coumaric acid treatment.

    Extractable juice ().  The  extractable juice was noticeably lower during the year 2009 compared with the value for year 2008  for all genotypes of   sweet sorghum tested using four different treatments as shown by the data in Table 3.  However, higher positive response to deheading and chemical sterilents was generally noted in 2009 for all genotypes of sweet sorghum tested, except Keller genotype where better response was shown in 2008 compared with 2009.  Dale genotype gave 3.15 increase in extractable juice () when deheaded  compared with the control in 2008 which increased to 18.56 in 2009.  The same genotype did not respond to p-Coumaric acid application in 2008 but increased its extractable juice () by 31.88  relative to the control in 2009.  Application of t-Cinnamic acid to Dale genotype also increased the extractable juice () by 3.90 in 2008 and 10.92  in 2009 compared with the control.  For Keller genotype,  positive response to both deheading and chemical sterilent treatment was noted.  In 2008, there was 12.48, 17.41 and 15.27 increase in extractable juice ()  relative to the control value with deheading and application of p-Coumaric acid and t-Cinnamic acid respectively.  Lower increase in extractable juice () was noted for this genotype in 2009 recording only 2.4  increase for deheading treatment and 0.6 for t-Cinnamic acid treatment.  M8IE was the most responsive genotype of sweet sorghum to chemical sterilent and deheading  based on  increase in extractable juice () for 2008 and 2009.  For 2008,  there was 1.02, 2.48 and 3.07 increase in extractable juice () for deheaded plants and those treated with p-Coumaric acid and t-Cinnamic acid, respectively.  In 2009,  the increase in extractable juice () was noticeably high with 11.16  for plants subjected to deheading,  12.21 for those treated with p-Coumaric acid and  28.21 for t-Cinnamic acid treated plants.  Top76-6 was only responsive to deheading in 2008, with 5.9 increase in extractable juice ().  However, this genotype showed positive response to all treatments in 2009, recording 28.44 increase in extractable juice () when deheaded,  39.50  when given p-Coumaric acid and 8.13 when treated with t-Cinnamic acid.

    Sugar yield.  The data in Table 4 show positive response of the four genotypes to deheading and chemical sterilents as indicated by the increase in their sugar yield (t ha-1).  Dale and Keller genotypes were the most responsive to deheading registering 68.65  and 54.3  increase in sugar yield (t ha-1) in 2008, respectively.  Keller genotype also gave a 52.58 increase in sugar yield (t ha-1) with t-Cinnamic acid treatment.  Even for year 2009,  both genotypes still gave high  increase in sugar yield (t ha-1) when deheaded with 39.47  for Dale and 48.94 for Keller.   M9IE genotype performed better in 2009 for all treatments, but highest (31.66)  increase in sugar yield (t ha-1) was noted   for chemical sterilent t-Cinnamic acid treated plants in 2008 and 40 increase in 2009 for p-Coumaric acid treatment.  Top 76-6 gave positive response only to deheading (9.01 increase) and p-Coumaric acid treatment (19.12 increase) in 2008.   A positive response to deheading (19.05 increase) and chemical sterilent p-Coumaric acid (38.1) and t-Cinnamic acid  (16.67) was noted in 2009.

    Grain yield.  The data in Table 5 give the grain yield (t ha-1)  of four sweet sorghum genotypes. Only two genotypes, that is, Dale and Top76-6  showed positive response to  chemical sterilents,  Relative to the control,  Dale gave 25.0 increase in grain yield (t ha-1) with treatment of p-Coumaric acid and 22.826 increase with the treatment of t-Cinnamic acid.  On the other hand, Top 76-6 recorded a 7.018 increase in grain yield (t ha-1)  in 2008,  when treated with p-Coumaric acid and 91.228 when given t-Cinnamic acid.  During the year 2009, Top 76-6 did not respond favorably to p-Coumaric acid application but grain yield (t ha-1) more than doubled  (174.739)  with t-Cinnamic acid treatment. 

    Harvest index grain ().  The data in Table 6 show the harvest index grain () for the year 2008 and 2009.  The data reflect similar trend with the grain yield wherein only two genotypes, namely, Dale and Top 76-6  responded favorably to chemical sterilent treatment with highest increase of more than three-fold (227.273)  recorded for Top76-6 genotype  treated with t-Cinnamic acid sterilent in 2009.  This genotype also gave an 82.813  increase in harvest index grain ()  over control  in 2008, when treated with t-Cinnamic acid chemical sterilent.  The same genotype did not favorably respond to p-Coumaric acid treatment in 2008 but did in 2009 recording  an 18.183 increase in harvest index grain ()  over control.  On the other hand,  in 2008, Dale genotype had 43.25 and 20.859 increase in harvest index grain ()  when given t-Cinnamic acid and p-Coumaric acid, respectively.  In 2009, Dale gave 25.00 increase in harvest index grain () over control only when treated with t-Cinnamic acid.   

    Harvest index sugar ().  All genotypes of  sweet sorghum increased their  sugar content with deheading and chemical sterilent treatment except for Top76-6 where reduced sugar  was noted with the application of t-Cinnamic acid.   The highest magnitude of increase in all genotypes was noted when deheading was done compared with chemical sterilent treatment.    Highest increase  83.53  was noted for deheaded Dale genotype, followed by Keller at 57.759 increase,  M8IE with 28.205 and Top76-6 with 26.99 percent.  Between the two chemical sterilent,  p-Coumaric acid was good for Dale which registered 25.72 increase while t-Cinnamic acid had only 16.087 increase over the control.  For Keller and M8IE genotypes,  t-Cinnamic acid was better in increasing sugar content compared with p-Coumaric sterilent.  Keller registered 32.759 increase in sugar while M8IE had 18.803 increase.     
 
    Leaf temperature(0C).  The leaf temperature in 0C of  four sweet sorghum genotypes subjected to deheading and chemical sterilent generally increased from 2006 to 2009 data as shown in Table 8.  Increases in leaf temperature over control was also noted in all genotypes except for Dale genotype given p-Coumaric acid in 2008 and  M81E deheaded and treated with p-Coumaric acid where the leaf temperatures  were lower than that of the control.  Judging from the increase in leaf temperature relative to the control for both years 2008 and 2009, genotypes Keller and Top 76-6  responded very well to the treatments.  For Keller genotype,  the  increase in leaf temperature in 2008 was 8.898, 3.069 and 1.603 , respective of  p-Coumaric acid, deheading and t-Cinnamic acid treatments.  In 2009,  the leaf temperature increased by 15.038, 10.526, and 9.023 over the control when treated with t-Cinnamic acid, p-Coumaric acid and deheaded, respectively.  Top-76-6, on the other hand registered increases in leaf temperature by 10.625, 9.195, and 8.50,  when treated with t-Cinnamic acid, p-Coumaric acid,  and deheaded, respectively.  A year after, that is, in 2009,  the  increases in temperature compared with the control were 9.118 for t-Cinnamic acid treatment,  6.55 for deheading and 3.059 for  p-Coumaric acid treatment.  For Dale genotype, significant increases in leaf temperature over that of the control was noted  in 2008 with deheading, t-Cinnamic acid and p-Coumaric acid treatments registering 12.165, 8.74 and 5361, respectively.   In contrast,  M8IE, showed definite increases in leaf temperature over the control only in 2009 with values of 12.546, 8.856 and 2.166,  respective of t-Cinnamic acid, p-Coumaric acid treatments  and deheading.

Plant height differed significantly among the genotypes in both 2008 and 2009. In 2008, genotype Dale recorded the highest plant height (360.0 cm), followed by M81E (346.4 cm) and the lowest being Top76-6 (328.0 cm) (Table 1). However in 2009, M81E recorded the maximum plant height (373.6 cm), followed by Keller (369.7cm) and Dale (366.9cm). The foliar application of chemical sterilants and deheading showed a significant difference in both years (Tables 1 and 2). In 2008, deheading had the lowest plant height compared to chemical sterilants and deheading (Table 5). Similarly, the maximum height was recorded in t-Cinnamic acid (372.1 cm) and the lowest in deheading (329.0 cm) (Table 6). Furthermore, the interaction of genotypes and treatments was significant during 2008 and 2009 (Tables 1 and 2).
The number of leaves differed significantly among the genotypes in both 2008 and 2009. In 2008, genotype Top76-6 had the highest number of leaves (16.4), followed by M81E (15.6) and the lowest being Keller (11.7) (Table 3). However, M81E produced more number of leaves (12.4), followed by Keller (11.7) and Dale (11.6) in 2009 (Table 4). The foliar application of chemical sterilants and deheading did not show a significant difference for the number of leaves in 2008 (Table 1), whereas there was a significant difference in 2009 (Table 2). Deheading treatment had the maximum number of leaves (12.5) and the minimum was found in p-Coumaric acid (11.1) (Table 6). The interaction between genotype and treatment was found to be non-significant in 2008 and 2009 (Table 1 and 2).

    The number of internodes per plant changed in a generally downward trend during the two years. The highest number in 2008 was the Top76-6 genotype, with 16.4 (Table 3). Using the Top 76-6 genotype as a basis, there is a significant change in the Keller and Dale genotypes, and there is no major difference in the M81E genotype. In 2009, the highest number of belonged to M81E with a 14.1 (Table 4), with a significant difference over the other three genotypes (Table 4), whose mean values are more or less the same, with an overlap. During the treatments, p-Coumaric acid has the highest number of internodes (14.8) and the minimum is deheading (14.2) (Table 5). In 2009, it was t-Cinnamic acid that has the highest number (13.4), while deheading is still the lowest (12.8) (Table 6) it is noted that the mean values are all very close to each other, and there is no significant changes (Tables 5 and 6). The treatment by chemical sterilants and deheading in 2008 did not show any significant difference as well as the genotype-treatment interaction (Table 1). In 2009, it was the genotype-treatment interaction that showed a significant difference everything else was constant (Table 2).
    The third internode girth in 2008 had the Top76-6 having the highest girth at the third internode (22.8cm) and the M81E the lowest (20.3cm) (Table 3). The 2009 result shows the Keller genotype having the highest girth at the third internode (20.4cm) (Table 4). The mean values in 2009 show a near uniform amount of the internode s girth for the Dale, M81E and Top76-6 genotypes. When it comes to 2008 treatments, the treatments have the same significance levels, with deheading (21.5cm) the highest (Table 5). The trend of having near uniform girths with treatments continued on to 2009, with deheading (19.4cm) and t-Cinnamic acid (19.4cm) equaling themselves (Table 6). The interactions between genotype and treatment did not change in 2008 and 2009 (Tables 1 and 2).
    The sixth internode girth showed significant differences in both genotype and the treatment-genotype interactions in 2009 (Table 2), while there was no difference in 2008 (Table 1). In the sixth internode girth, the Top76-6 genotype has the most growth (19.3 cm)  and the Keller (15.8 cm) the smallest girth of the genotypes in 2008 (Table 3). The differences between the girth among the genotypes are more pronounced in this trait (Table 3). In 2009, both the Top76-6 and the Keller (16.4 cm each) have the biggest girth while the Dale genotype has the smallest (15.4 cm) girth (Table 4). Compared to what happened in 2008, the differences in girth per genotype is lower (Table 4). Treatments are more or less uniform in 2008, with the control setup (17.7 cm) having the biggest girth, and t-Cinnamic acid (17.2 cm) the smallest (Table 5). The differences in the growth due to the treatments are slightly more pronounced in 2009 (Table 6), with deheading (16.6 cm) doing the most growth from the sixth internode s girth (Table 6).
    The ninth internode girth showed a significant difference in the treatment  and genotype in 2009 compared to no significance in 2008 (Tables 1 and 2). In 2008, the Top76-6 genotype again has the biggest girth (15.7cm) while the Keller genotype has the smallest (12.8cm) (Table 3). The 2009 results also show the Top76-6 having the widest girth (14.3 cm) but the Keller has grown to be the second widest (13.8 cm), and the Dale genotype (12.6cm) having the smallest girth (Table 4). Much like the third and sixth internode girth rates, the ninth internode girths do not have significant differences when it came to treatments in 2008 the control and the t-Cinnamic Acid treatment (both 14.4cm) have the widest girth (Table 5). In 2009, it was deheading (14.3 cm) that produced the biggest growth in the girth of the ninth internode (Table 6).
    The average stem girth of the plant has these findings There was no significant difference in the treatment and the interactions of genotype and treatment in 2008 (Table 1), while there is a significant difference in the treatments in 2009 (Table 2). In the genotypes, the Top76-6 is the highest performer (19.3cmplant) when it comes to average stem girth, while the Keller genotype (16.5cmplant) is the smallest overall in 2008 (Table 3). In 2009, it was the Keller genotype that produced the higher average stem girth per plant (16.9cmplant), and the Dale is the underperforming genotype (15.6cmplant) (Table 4). The treatment that gave the highest average girth was deheading (17.8cmplant) in 2008, but the mean values were very close to one another (Table 5). The 2009 result also had deheading as the treatment that produces the highest average stem girth (16.8cmplant) (Table 6). The difference of the different treatments were also not significant as the mean values were also consistent with one another (Table 5 and 6).
    The Brix percentage has been affected by treatments, genotypes and their interactions in 2008. There were very significant differences, which changed a little bit in 2009, as the Brix percentage was not affected by the interactions of the treatments and the genotype (Tables 1 and 2). The genotypes in 2008 showed significant differences in the Brix percentage with the Keller genotype (20.6) having the highest, and the M81E (17.6) the lowest (Table 3). One year later, the Brix percentages dropped overall and there were still significant differences between the genotypes, but the Top76-6 had the highest (17.3) and the M81E (15.2) the lowest (Table 4). The treatments in 2009 had deheading (16.9) having the highest Brix percentage, while having significant differences in the mean values (Table 6). The 2008 result also had deheading (19.9) as the highest, but the mean values were more or less not significantly different from each other (Table 5).
    The juice yield was not significantly different in 2008, but the treatment made significant changes in 2009 (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest juice yield (25.1 kLha), and the trend showed that it had a clear lead over the other genotypes (Table 3). One year later, there was a general increase in juice yield over all genotypes, and the Keller (35.7 kLha) has the highest juice yield (Table 4). Deheading treatments produced the highest juice yield (22.0kLha) in 2008 (Table 5). In 2009, it was deheading and the p-Coumaric acid treatments (both 33.0klha) that produced the highest juice yield on sorghum.
    Stem fresh weights are not significantly different in 2008 (Table 1), but the interactions of treatments and genotypes did play a significant factor on the differences one year later (Table 2). The Top76-6 genotype showed the heaviest (35.9tha) weight (Table 3), but the other genotypes did not have significant differences in their weights. One year later, the Keller genotype was the heaviest (71.1tha) of the genotypes by a wide margin, again with the other genotypes mean weights were not significantly different from one another (Table 4). In terms of treatments, deheading gave the highest value (31.4tha) in 2008 and also in 2009 (62.0tha) (Table 5 and 6).
    The extractable juice has a significant difference in 2008, especially on treatments and the interactions between the genotype and treatments (Table 1). The genotypes show minimal differences in the extractable juice mean percentages, but the Top76-6 genotype has the most (70) in 2008 (Table 3). Treatments showed that the best treatment to get as much extractable juice from sorghum is deheading (70) (Table 5).
    The total fresh biomass amounts were not very significant in 2008, but there was increasing significance in 2009, especially on the treatment significance (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest fresh biomass (44.2tha) of all the genotypes in 2008, and there is a significant difference between the mean values of the genotypes(Table 3). In 2009 however, the Keller genotype became the biggest source of fresh biomass (73.1tha), with a significant difference over other genotypes (Table 4). The p-Coumaric acid treatment gave the highest number (38.6tha) of the total fresh biomass in 2008 (Table 5), while t-Cinnamic acid treatments gave the highest number of fresh biomass available in 2009 (Table 6).
    Sugar yield differed significantly in both years and in all factors involved (Tables 1 and 2).The Top 76-6 genotype offered the highest sugar yield (4.7tha) in 2008, a significant difference over the mean yield of the other genotypes (Table 3). In a years  time, the Keller genotype had the highest sugar yield (5.9tha), again with a significant difference over the other genotypes of sorghum (Table 4). In 2008, deheading treatments gave the highest sugar yield (4.3tha) with the lowest yield the control (3.3tha) having a significant difference over the rest of the treatments (Table 5). In 2009, deheading and p-Coumaric acid  treatments produced the highest sugar yields (both 5.5tha), but with higher differences of significance (Table 6).
    The panicle fresh weight had a significant difference in the treatment factor in 2008 (Table 1), but lost significance in 2009 (Table 2). The M81E genotype had the heaviest panicle fresh weight (4.0tha) among the genotypes, with a high degree of difference among the mean values of the weights of the genotypes in 2008 (Table 3). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest weight among the genotypes (3.5tha) with lower differences of significance between the genotypes in 2009 (Table 4). In 2008, t-Cinnamic acid treatments showed the highest weight (3.7tha), and in 2009, the control setup (3.0tha) showed the highest weight, both with lower differences of significance between treatment measures (Tables 5 and 6). Deheading is not included because it involves removal of the panicles.
    Stem dry weights showed no difference in significance in 2008 (Table 1), but showed a difference in 2009, especially in the treatment factors (Table 2). Among the genotypes in 2008, the Top76-6 had the highest stem dry weights (10.7tha) with little difference of significance between the other genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Keller genotype had the highest stem dry weights (13.1tha), again with little difference of significance (Table 4). Treatments in 2008 showed that deheading and p-Coumaric acid treatments showed the highest stem dry weights (9.4tha each), with no differences of significance (Table 5). Deheading showed the highest stem dry weight readings (13.3tha) with some differences of significance within the four treatments (Table 6).
    The total dry biomass had a difference of significance in the treatments factor (Table 1) in 2008, which it retained with no change in 2009 (Table 2). The different genotypes in 2008 showed that the Top76-6 had the highest amount (15.8tha) of dry biomass, with little difference of significance among the genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Keller genotype had the highest (19.4tha) amount, and like last year, showed a little difference of significance. The 2008 treatments showed that both p-Coumaric acid and t-Cinnamic acid treatments give the highest total dry biomass (both 14.6tha), while the control setup had the highest amount (18.6tha) of the total dry biomass, but this time with higher differences of significance (Tables 5 and 6).
    The grain yield showed a high degree of difference of significance in 2008, and the same trend continued in 2009 (Tables 1and 2). The genotypes showed a high difference of significance, and the Dale genotype has the highest yield (1.071tha) in 2008 (Table 3). After one year, the Top76-6 genotype got the highest grain yield (0352tha), and the difference in significance had lowered and had become more uniform (Table 4). Treatments in 2008 showed that t-Cinnamic acid had the highest grain yield (0.989tha) and the lowest is p-Coumaric acid (0.753tha) (Table 5). In 2009, the amounts lowered, but the t-Cinnamic acid treatment still provided the highest grain yield among the treatments (0.347tha) (Table 6).
    The grain harvest index percentage showed a high difference of significance in both 2008 and 2009 (Tables 1 and 2). The Dale genotype has the highest grain harvest percentage (7.9) in 2008, together with a high difference of significance between the genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Dale genotype still had the highest harvest index percentage (2.200), and the high difference trend still continues (Table 4). The treatments of 2008 showed that t-Cinnamic acid produced a high grain harvest index (7.0) and the difference of significance is lower (Table 5). In 2009, the t-Cinnamic acid treatment still produced the highest grain harvest index (2.1), and it retained the low difference of significance (Table 6).
     The sugar harvest index percentage was highly affected by the differences of significance in 2008, but lost the significance in 2009, leaving only treatments that are affected (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest sugar harvest index (29.9), and the lowest is M81E (26.6) in 2008 (Table 3). The sugar harvest index climbed a little overall after one year, and the Keller genotype (30.5) showed the highest of the genotypes (Table 4). The difference of significance was near zero. The deheading treatment had the highest harvest index (35.3) in 2008 than the p-Coumaric acid treatment (33.7) in 2009. The 2009 treatments had less difference of significance than in 2008 (Tables 5 and 6).
Physiological Traits
    Fo is affected by the treatments and the interaction of the treatments and the genotype in 2008 (Table 7), hence the high difference in significance. In 2009, the difference went even higher as all factors were now significant (Table 8). The Fo levels on the genotypes in 2008 showed that the mean values are all close to each other and there was no significant difference, and the Top76-6 had the highest Fo (295.1) level (Table 9). In 2009, it was the M81E genotype that had the highest Fo value (341.1), and there is little difference of significance (Table 10). For the treatments, in both 2008 and 2009, the highest Fo value was the control treatment (303.1 in 2008 and 332.4 in 2009) (Tables 11 and 12).
    Fm did not show any difference in significance in all factors in both years (Tables 7 and 8). The Dale genotype had the highest Fm value (1324.1) and the Top76-6 genotype the lowest (1261.9) in 2008 (Table 9). The M81E genotype had the highest Fm value (1477.7), and the Top76-6 genotype the lowest (1358.5) one year later (Table 10). The 2008 control treatment showed the highest Fm value (1342.0), and it continued on in 2009 (1458.4) (Tables 11 and 12).
    The FoFm values were also not significantly different from each other in both 2008 and 2009 (Tables 7 and 8). In 2008, the highest value on the genotypes was from the Top76-6 (0.236), and the lowest value came from the Keller (0.215) genotype (Table 9). In 2009, the Dale and Keller genotypes had the highest values (0.236), and the M81E genotype had the lowest value (0.232) (Table 10). In both years, deheading treatments provided the highest FoFm values (0.233 in 2008, 0.243 in 2009) (Tables 11 and 12). The p-Coumaric acid treatment had the lowest value in 2008 (0.213) and the control treatment in 2009 (0.228) (Tables 11 and 12).
.    Leaf temperatures  in 2008 and 2009 showed a significant difference in both treatments and the genotype-treatments interactions (Tables 7 and 8). Genotype variations showed that in 2008 the Top76-6 genotype had the highest temperature (26.2oC), and the M81E genotype the lowest (25.6oC) (Table 9). In 2009, the Keller genotype showed the highest temperature (28.9oC), and the Dale and Top76-6 genotypes the lowest temperatures (28.4oC) (Table 10). Treatment results in 2008 showed that deheading and the t-Cinnamic acid treatments gave the highest temperature readings (26.2oC) (Table 11). The results in 2009 had the t-Cinnamic acid give the highest reading (29.9oC), with more differences of significance among the mean values.

    Stem temperatures did not show any significance in 2008, but showed a change in the level of significance in 2009 (Tables 7 and 8). The stem temperatures in 2008 had the M81E, Dale, and Top76-6 genotypes all having the same highest temperature (26.4oC) (Table 9). One year later, the Dale genotype had the highest temperature  (29.0oC) (Table 10). Treatments in 2008 showed that deheading and the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest temperatures (26.4oC), and the lowest temperature was from the control treatment (24.2oC) (Table 11). The t-Cinnamic acid treatment gave the highest stem temperature (28.7oC), and the lowest was from the control treatment (27.7oC) from the 2009 results (Table 12).

    Chlorophyll content did not show any differences in levels of significance in both years (Tables 7 and 8). The highest SPAD value for Chlorophyll was shown by the Top76-6 genotype (53.0) in 2008, and the lowest values came from the Dale (49.5) genotype (Table 9). The 2009 values had the Keller genotype having the highest value (53.2) and the Top76-6 the lowest (51.9) SPAD value among the genotypes (Table 10). The treatments in 2008 had deheading giving the highest SPAD value (52.6) and t-Cinnamic acid treatment the lowest (49.4) (Table 11). In 2009, the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest SPAD value (53.3), and the deheading showed the lowest (51.6) values (Table 12).

    Pollen sterility percentage showed high levels of significance in 2009 (Table 8).  The M81E genotype showed high pollen sterility levels (32.5), the highest among the genotypes (Table 10). The treatment that gave the highest percentage of pollen sterility was the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (32.2) (Table 12).

Biochemical Traits
    The extractable juice percentage from the plants showed a low difference of significance from both the treatments and the interactions of treatments and the genotype (Table 13). The genotype that had the most extractable juice from the plant was the M81E genotype (53.6), and the lowest was the Keller genotype (50.3) (Table 14). Of the four treatments available in 2009, the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest extractable juice percentage (56.3) and the control treatment (46.9) the lowest, implying that leaving the plants alone will not produce as much extractable juice (Table 15).

    The juice pH or acidity showed high significance levels in the genotype and the interaction between genotype and treatments (Table 13). The genotypes had acidic juices, but the M81E and the Top76-6 genotypes are least acidic or with the highest pH number (5.0) (Table 14). For the treatments, the pH levels were not affected by any treatments, the variations only varied by 0.1-0.2, but the highest pH numbers were the control treatment (pH 5.0) and  the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (5.0) (Table 15).

    The total sugars present showed no significance in the genotype and the interaction of genotype and treatments, but had a high significance when it comes to treatments (Table 13). The Top76-6 genotype showed the highest percentages of  total sugar (17.3) and the Keller had the lowest total sugar percentages (13.9) (Table 14). Deheading showed the greatest effect on the amount of the total sugar percentages (17.6), while the t-Cinnamic acid treatment made the least amount of total sugars (12.7) (Table 15). 

    The reducing sugars percentage results showed that there were some differences in the level of significance in all factors, and the combined interactions of the genotype and the treatments showed the highest difference (Table 13). For the genotypes tested, the Dale genotype had the highest reducing sugar percentage (11.1) and the Keller genotype the lowest (4.2) (Table 14). The treatments showed that the treatment that caused the highest reducing sugar percentage was the p-Coumaric acid treatment (8.6), and the treatment that gave the lowest reducing sugar percentage was the deheading treatment (5.3) (Table 15).

    The nonreducing sugar percentages showed that there is a higher level of significance in the genotype and the use of treatment factors (Table 13). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest nonreducing sugar percentage (10.9), and the Dale genotype the lowest (5.1) (Table 14). The treatments that gave the highest nonreducing sugar percentages were the deheading treatment (12.2), and the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (6.6) providing the lowest percentages of nonreducing sugar (Table 15).

    The starch level result showed that there were some differences in the level of significance among the three factors involved (Table 13). The genotypes that were tested had the Keller genotype having the highest levels of starch (15.8 g g), and the Top76-6 genotype having the least starch (7.8g g) (Table 14). The treatments for the plants showed that the control treatment had the highest starch levels (15.8g g), and the p-Coumaric acid treatment had the least starch of all (Table 15).

    Juice purity was known to be significant for the genotype and the treatments, but nonsignificant for the interaction factor (Table 13). Of all the genotypes, the M81E showed the highest purity percentage (62.4), and the Dale genotype the lowest (32.8) (Table 14). To produce the purest juice from the sorghum, the deheading treatment showed the best result (70.7) when it comes to juice purity, while the t-Cinnamic acid treatment showed the least pure (40.6) juice (Table 15).

The ways in which dissolved components are added and removed from seawater
The seas are the largest water reservoirs in the world. Most of the sea waters are salty.  The most obvious source of these salts is the rivers.  When it rains, the rain water flows on earth surfaces that may contain weathered rock material of different origins and varied mineral contents most of which are salts in nature. 

These salty substances are carried down stream in to the sea.
The seas rarely have outlets that are large enough to drain the salts away.  Also the evaporation rate in the sea is very high thus making the majority of the salts remain in high concentrations at the sea.  Therefore, sea water will be salty for ever. Sea water may not just be compared with concentrated river water after evaporation because the river water flows constantly while the sea water is stagnant in most of the time. The concentration of different types of minerals differs with different levels of disposition of certain salt components in the sea. For example the sodium ions may be enter the sea water at a high rate of 7.9  10 12 moles within a year  thus the sea has a lot of sodium with time (Swenson, n.d). 

At the same time, other minerals like calcium and potassium also enter the sea at different rates that could be even higher that the sodium.  At the end, the sea water holds quite a large amount of minerals than a river can hold.  When sea water is evaporated, it leaves a residue evaporate comprising of complex mix of the salts.  The salinity level is usually high.  Some of the most common dissolved in sea water potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, hydrocarbons, and sulphurous substances among others.

Nature can take its role in the replenishment of the salt level in the sea.  There chemical processes that play a role in the concentration of sea water for example the hydrothermal processes found in hot springs thus affecting the chemical composition of basalt rock minerals. 

Biological processes are not to be ignored since some phytoplankton that dwell in the sea play an active role in the removal of calcium to form shell that may later on be buried under the seabed.  This is one way in which sea water salts are removed from the ocean.  The bodies of these organisms are fed on by other sea animals.  Carbon ion removal process involves biogeochemical processes result to the basic fuel formation from the sea (Fuhrman, Bell, 1995).  Evaporation is also a good process through which salt material is removed from the sea since the residue deposits may form gypsum, sylvite, and salt rocks that solidify and can be taken away from the sea by mining processes.

The ocean chemistry can be affected by the interaction of pore water. The pore water material can be used up by microbes in found in the intergrain space through biological processes thus reducing sediment salts from the water.  In this case many of these organisms run short of oxygen and are therefore forced to use mineral components found in the sea water for metabolism thus the overall result is reduced salt levels (Swenson, n.d).

In conclusion, researchers need to carry out more research on the processes that are involved in the addition of salt water and advice more on whether the sea water can at one time in research be salt less like some fresh water lakes of the world.

The Department of Labor and Industries has as its mandate the task to improve the health and welfare of orchard workers. The relationship of workers and any employer is fundamentally symbiotic. Even though the migrant workers who form the majority of the orchard working population are not termed as full time farm employees, their contractual positions are still deserving of dignified working conditions and terms. Therefore, it is retrogressive for the farms that employ these workers to mistreat them since the business that is orchard farming is intrinsically labor intensive. This should be the principal point of commencing dialogue between the representative bodies from both sides of this labor contention - the United Farm Workers and the farms

The first matter of urgency lies wholly in the control of Regional Administrator Randy Paradis. The incessant and uncoordinated inspection of farms by officials from the Department of Labor and Industries should be curtailed. Already Paradis has in his possession reliable data showing the frequency of accidents that point away from the earlier assertions that harvesting machines were the culprits in causing injury in reference to the case of hop harvesting. This is analogous to reported cases in orchard farming in terms of inconsistencies in data that prove costly later. This therefore informs the decision of initiating a query to the L  I Information services mainframe database in Olympia and spending the required twelve thousand dollars. Although the amount is substantial the attendant benefits from possessing the adequate data are many and their effect immediate.

First in mind is the revision of inspection protocols in a two pronged attack that looks at the frequency of these inspections and also the conduct of inspectors during these inspections. It is under the mandate of the Department of Labor and Industries to identify the culprits in worker safety negligence. This will however not be achieved by unfair targeting of certain farmers whose proximity to good roads has now been turned into a curse. This will undoubtedly evolve a much more realistic picture where inspections are more coordinated and targeted evenly across the Yakima regional office.

Secondly, the inspectors themselves need to be thoroughly grilled in the right manner of approach. The adversarial relationships and sentiments noted in the report that this memo is based on show that the inspectors conduct is a huge setback in the path to repairing relations between farmers and the L  I department. This is shameful since more humane and courteous conduct would undoubtedly enable more farmers to come forward and assist the L  I department in creating better working conditions for migrant workers. The militant attitudes that current inspections carry make farmers respond at best with apathy to any positive efforts made towards them by advocates of migrant worker rights as well as the L  I department in good measure. An inspection protocol should thus be developed bearing this new data in mind and the old one should be done away with.

There exits a mind set problem in this setting. There exist a number of inspectors who have reportedly been unprofessional in their conducting of inspections. An administrative unit handling complaints from farmers concerning overzealous inspectors should be set up and with it the mandatory sensitization of inspectors through training on basic courtesy as professional practice should be commenced. This would begin the changing of mindsets and would serve as a good gesture to the farmers who must undoubtedly feel cursed for being in the orchard business at this point.

Deep amongst the prevalent issues being raised by farmers and migrant workers alike is a great erosion of credibility on both sides of the divide. The intervention of various advocacy agencies rubs farmers the wrong way further aggravating a potentially unpleasant situation for workers. There is thus a need for mending these broken bridges and the efforts above show a desire to build goodwill amongst the farmers who ultimately hold the cards in changing working conditions for workers.

Insurance premium costs are significantly met by employers. Paradis should also create a liaison with the central office at Olympia in a bid to make it easier for farmers to obtain deductions on their premiums based on their experience ratings. This would further increase significant savings on the side of the farmers who are undoubtedly facing tough economic times.

The L  I consultative offer for a business to request a consultative inspection should also be a significant tool in Paradiss intention of rebuilding relations with farmers. This service should be aggressively sold to farmers in a bid to creating a positive atmosphere for the discussions on worker safety that will ultimately benefit the farmers.  It is in fact noted that WISHAs consultative offers are severely under utilized further showing the apathy with which farmers have chosen to keep when inspection concerns are at the fore. The Department of Labor and Industries should be at the fore front of advocating for diplomacy and bringing forth proactive ways of tackling these problems of migrant workers through such consultative efforts. Indeed the December 1997 agreement signed between OSHA and the Department of Labor and Industries calls for, closer coordination between enforcement and consultation targeting efforts (University of Washington).

At this juncture, in the deterioration of relations between farmers, migrant workers and the advocacy institutions, Monty Paradis has only the agencys tools of inspection, consultation and liaison in the case of assisting farmers reduce premiums paid in insurance.  These methods will spearhead more intimate relations between well meaning farmers and the Department of Labor and Industries whilst gradually thawing the icy relations that must now exist when workers safety issues are brought up concerning the role of farmers. This is a proactive way to bring sanity to the regulation of workers safety and conditions in orchards.