Growth and Yield Traits
Plant height differed significantly among the genotypes in both 2008 and 2009. In 2008, genotype Dale recorded the highest plant height (360.0 cm), followed by M81E (346.4 cm) and the lowest being Top76-6 (328.0 cm) (Table 1). However in 2009, M81E recorded the maximum plant height (373.6 cm), followed by Keller (369.7cm) and Dale (366.9cm). The foliar application of chemical sterilants and deheading showed a significant difference in both years (Tables 1 and 2). In 2008, deheading had the lowest plant height compared to chemical sterilants and deheading (Table 5). Similarly, the maximum height was recorded in t-Cinnamic acid (372.1 cm) and the lowest in deheading (329.0 cm) (Table 6). Furthermore, the interaction of genotypes and treatments was significant during 2008 and 2009 (Tables 1 and 2).
The number of leaves differed significantly among the genotypes in both 2008 and 2009. In 2008, genotype Top76-6 had the highest number of leaves (16.4), followed by M81E (15.6) and the lowest being Keller (11.7) (Table 3). However, M81E produced more number of leaves (12.4), followed by Keller (11.7) and Dale (11.6) in 2009 (Table 4). The foliar application of chemical sterilants and deheading did not show a significant difference for the number of leaves in 2008 (Table 1), whereas there was a significant difference in 2009 (Table 2). Deheading treatment had the maximum number of leaves (12.5) and the minimum was found in p-Coumaric acid (11.1) (Table 6). The interaction between genotype and treatment was found to be non-significant in 2008 and 2009 (Table 1 and 2).
The number of internodes per plant changed in a generally downward trend during the two years. The highest number in 2008 was the Top76-6 genotype, with 16.4 (Table 3). Using the Top 76-6 genotype as a basis, there is a significant change in the Keller and Dale genotypes, and there is no major difference in the M81E genotype. In 2009, the highest number of belonged to M81E with a 14.1 (Table 4), with a significant difference over the other three genotypes (Table 4), whose mean values are more or less the same, with an overlap. During the treatments, p-Coumaric acid has the highest number of internodes (14.8) and the minimum is deheading (14.2) (Table 5). In 2009, it was t-Cinnamic acid that has the highest number (13.4), while deheading is still the lowest (12.8) (Table 6) it is noted that the mean values are all very close to each other, and there is no significant changes (Tables 5 and 6). The treatment by chemical sterilants and deheading in 2008 did not show any significant difference as well as the genotype-treatment interaction (Table 1). In 2009, it was the genotype-treatment interaction that showed a significant difference everything else was constant (Table 2).
The third internode girth in 2008 had the Top76-6 having the highest girth at the third internode (22.8cm) and the M81E the lowest (20.3cm) (Table 3). The 2009 result shows the Keller genotype having the highest girth at the third internode (20.4cm) (Table 4). The mean values in 2009 show a near uniform amount of the internode s girth for the Dale, M81E and Top76-6 genotypes. When it comes to 2008 treatments, the treatments have the same significance levels, with deheading (21.5cm) the highest (Table 5). The trend of having near uniform girths with treatments continued on to 2009, with deheading (19.4cm) and t-Cinnamic acid (19.4cm) equaling themselves (Table 6). The interactions between genotype and treatment did not change in 2008 and 2009 (Tables 1 and 2).
The sixth internode girth showed significant differences in both genotype and the treatment-genotype interactions in 2009 (Table 2), while there was no difference in 2008 (Table 1). In the sixth internode girth, the Top76-6 genotype has the most growth (19.3 cm) and the Keller (15.8 cm) the smallest girth of the genotypes in 2008 (Table 3). The differences between the girth among the genotypes are more pronounced in this trait (Table 3). In 2009, both the Top76-6 and the Keller (16.4 cm each) have the biggest girth while the Dale genotype has the smallest (15.4 cm) girth (Table 4). Compared to what happened in 2008, the differences in girth per genotype is lower (Table 4). Treatments are more or less uniform in 2008, with the control setup (17.7 cm) having the biggest girth, and t-Cinnamic acid (17.2 cm) the smallest (Table 5). The differences in the growth due to the treatments are slightly more pronounced in 2009 (Table 6), with deheading (16.6 cm) doing the most growth from the sixth internode s girth (Table 6).
The ninth internode girth showed a significant difference in the treatment and genotype in 2009 compared to no significance in 2008 (Tables 1 and 2). In 2008, the Top76-6 genotype again has the biggest girth (15.7cm) while the Keller genotype has the smallest (12.8cm) (Table 3). The 2009 results also show the Top76-6 having the widest girth (14.3 cm) but the Keller has grown to be the second widest (13.8 cm), and the Dale genotype (12.6cm) having the smallest girth (Table 4). Much like the third and sixth internode girth rates, the ninth internode girths do not have significant differences when it came to treatments in 2008 the control and the t-Cinnamic Acid treatment (both 14.4cm) have the widest girth (Table 5). In 2009, it was deheading (14.3 cm) that produced the biggest growth in the girth of the ninth internode (Table 6).
The average stem girth of the plant has these findings There was no significant difference in the treatment and the interactions of genotype and treatment in 2008 (Table 1), while there is a significant difference in the treatments in 2009 (Table 2). In the genotypes, the Top76-6 is the highest performer (19.3cmplant) when it comes to average stem girth, while the Keller genotype (16.5cmplant) is the smallest overall in 2008 (Table 3). In 2009, it was the Keller genotype that produced the higher average stem girth per plant (16.9cmplant), and the Dale is the underperforming genotype (15.6cmplant) (Table 4). The treatment that gave the highest average girth was deheading (17.8cmplant) in 2008, but the mean values were very close to one another (Table 5). The 2009 result also had deheading as the treatment that produces the highest average stem girth (16.8cmplant) (Table 6). The difference of the different treatments were also not significant as the mean values were also consistent with one another (Table 5 and 6).
The Brix percentage has been affected by treatments, genotypes and their interactions in 2008. There were very significant differences, which changed a little bit in 2009, as the Brix percentage was not affected by the interactions of the treatments and the genotype (Tables 1 and 2). The genotypes in 2008 showed significant differences in the Brix percentage with the Keller genotype (20.6) having the highest, and the M81E (17.6) the lowest (Table 3). One year later, the Brix percentages dropped overall and there were still significant differences between the genotypes, but the Top76-6 had the highest (17.3) and the M81E (15.2) the lowest (Table 4). The treatments in 2009 had deheading (16.9) having the highest Brix percentage, while having significant differences in the mean values (Table 6). The 2008 result also had deheading (19.9) as the highest, but the mean values were more or less not significantly different from each other (Table 5).
The juice yield was not significantly different in 2008, but the treatment made significant changes in 2009 (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest juice yield (25.1 kLha), and the trend showed that it had a clear lead over the other genotypes (Table 3). One year later, there was a general increase in juice yield over all genotypes, and the Keller (35.7 kLha) has the highest juice yield (Table 4). Deheading treatments produced the highest juice yield (22.0kLha) in 2008 (Table 5). In 2009, it was deheading and the p-Coumaric acid treatments (both 33.0klha) that produced the highest juice yield on sorghum.
Stem fresh weights are not significantly different in 2008 (Table 1), but the interactions of treatments and genotypes did play a significant factor on the differences one year later (Table 2). The Top76-6 genotype showed the heaviest (35.9tha) weight (Table 3), but the other genotypes did not have significant differences in their weights. One year later, the Keller genotype was the heaviest (71.1tha) of the genotypes by a wide margin, again with the other genotypes mean weights were not significantly different from one another (Table 4). In terms of treatments, deheading gave the highest value (31.4tha) in 2008 and also in 2009 (62.0tha) (Table 5 and 6).
The extractable juice has a significant difference in 2008, especially on treatments and the interactions between the genotype and treatments (Table 1). The genotypes show minimal differences in the extractable juice mean percentages, but the Top76-6 genotype has the most (70) in 2008 (Table 3). Treatments showed that the best treatment to get as much extractable juice from sorghum is deheading (70) (Table 5).
The total fresh biomass amounts were not very significant in 2008, but there was increasing significance in 2009, especially on the treatment significance (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest fresh biomass (44.2tha) of all the genotypes in 2008, and there is a significant difference between the mean values of the genotypes(Table 3). In 2009 however, the Keller genotype became the biggest source of fresh biomass (73.1tha), with a significant difference over other genotypes (Table 4). The p-Coumaric acid treatment gave the highest number (38.6tha) of the total fresh biomass in 2008 (Table 5), while t-Cinnamic acid treatments gave the highest number of fresh biomass available in 2009 (Table 6).
Sugar yield differed significantly in both years and in all factors involved (Tables 1 and 2).The Top 76-6 genotype offered the highest sugar yield (4.7tha) in 2008, a significant difference over the mean yield of the other genotypes (Table 3). In a years time, the Keller genotype had the highest sugar yield (5.9tha), again with a significant difference over the other genotypes of sorghum (Table 4). In 2008, deheading treatments gave the highest sugar yield (4.3tha) with the lowest yield the control (3.3tha) having a significant difference over the rest of the treatments (Table 5). In 2009, deheading and p-Coumaric acid treatments produced the highest sugar yields (both 5.5tha), but with higher differences of significance (Table 6).
The panicle fresh weight had a significant difference in the treatment factor in 2008 (Table 1), but lost significance in 2009 (Table 2). The M81E genotype had the heaviest panicle fresh weight (4.0tha) among the genotypes, with a high degree of difference among the mean values of the weights of the genotypes in 2008 (Table 3). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest weight among the genotypes (3.5tha) with lower differences of significance between the genotypes in 2009 (Table 4). In 2008, t-Cinnamic acid treatments showed the highest weight (3.7tha), and in 2009, the control setup (3.0tha) showed the highest weight, both with lower differences of significance between treatment measures (Tables 5 and 6). Deheading is not included because it involves removal of the panicles.
Stem dry weights showed no difference in significance in 2008 (Table 1), but showed a difference in 2009, especially in the treatment factors (Table 2). Among the genotypes in 2008, the Top76-6 had the highest stem dry weights (10.7tha) with little difference of significance between the other genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Keller genotype had the highest stem dry weights (13.1tha), again with little difference of significance (Table 4). Treatments in 2008 showed that deheading and p-Coumaric acid treatments showed the highest stem dry weights (9.4tha each), with no differences of significance (Table 5). Deheading showed the highest stem dry weight readings (13.3tha) with some differences of significance within the four treatments (Table 6).
The total dry biomass had a difference of significance in the treatments factor (Table 1) in 2008, which it retained with no change in 2009 (Table 2). The different genotypes in 2008 showed that the Top76-6 had the highest amount (15.8tha) of dry biomass, with little difference of significance among the genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Keller genotype had the highest (19.4tha) amount, and like last year, showed a little difference of significance. The 2008 treatments showed that both p-Coumaric acid and t-Cinnamic acid treatments give the highest total dry biomass (both 14.6tha), while the control setup had the highest amount (18.6tha) of the total dry biomass, but this time with higher differences of significance (Tables 5 and 6).
The grain yield showed a high degree of difference of significance in 2008, and the same trend continued in 2009 (Tables 1and 2). The genotypes showed a high difference of significance, and the Dale genotype has the highest yield (1.071tha) in 2008 (Table 3). After one year, the Top76-6 genotype got the highest grain yield (0352tha), and the difference in significance had lowered and had become more uniform (Table 4). Treatments in 2008 showed that t-Cinnamic acid had the highest grain yield (0.989tha) and the lowest is p-Coumaric acid (0.753tha) (Table 5). In 2009, the amounts lowered, but the t-Cinnamic acid treatment still provided the highest grain yield among the treatments (0.347tha) (Table 6).
The grain harvest index percentage showed a high difference of significance in both 2008 and 2009 (Tables 1 and 2). The Dale genotype has the highest grain harvest percentage (7.9) in 2008, together with a high difference of significance between the genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Dale genotype still had the highest harvest index percentage (2.200), and the high difference trend still continues (Table 4). The treatments of 2008 showed that t-Cinnamic acid produced a high grain harvest index (7.0) and the difference of significance is lower (Table 5). In 2009, the t-Cinnamic acid treatment still produced the highest grain harvest index (2.1), and it retained the low difference of significance (Table 6).
The sugar harvest index percentage was highly affected by the differences of significance in 2008, but lost the significance in 2009, leaving only treatments that are affected (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest sugar harvest index (29.9), and the lowest is M81E (26.6) in 2008 (Table 3). The sugar harvest index climbed a little overall after one year, and the Keller genotype (30.5) showed the highest of the genotypes (Table 4). The difference of significance was near zero. The deheading treatment had the highest harvest index (35.3) in 2008 than the p-Coumaric acid treatment (33.7) in 2009. The 2009 treatments had less difference of significance than in 2008 (Tables 5 and 6).
Physiological Traits
Fo is affected by the treatments and the interaction of the treatments and the genotype in 2008 (Table 7), hence the high difference in significance. In 2009, the difference went even higher as all factors were now significant (Table 8). The Fo levels on the genotypes in 2008 showed that the mean values are all close to each other and there was no significant difference, and the Top76-6 had the highest Fo (295.1) level (Table 9). In 2009, it was the M81E genotype that had the highest Fo value (341.1), and there is little difference of significance (Table 10). For the treatments, in both 2008 and 2009, the highest Fo value was the control treatment (303.1 in 2008 and 332.4 in 2009) (Tables 11 and 12).
Fm did not show any difference in significance in all factors in both years (Tables 7 and 8). The Dale genotype had the highest Fm value (1324.1) and the Top76-6 genotype the lowest (1261.9) in 2008 (Table 9). The M81E genotype had the highest Fm value (1477.7), and the Top76-6 genotype the lowest (1358.5) one year later (Table 10). The 2008 control treatment showed the highest Fm value (1342.0), and it continued on in 2009 (1458.4) (Tables 11 and 12).
The FoFm values were also not significantly different from each other in both 2008 and 2009 (Tables 7 and 8). In 2008, the highest value on the genotypes was from the Top76-6 (0.236), and the lowest value came from the Keller (0.215) genotype (Table 9). In 2009, the Dale and Keller genotypes had the highest values (0.236), and the M81E genotype had the lowest value (0.232) (Table 10). In both years, deheading treatments provided the highest FoFm values (0.233 in 2008, 0.243 in 2009) (Tables 11 and 12). The p-Coumaric acid treatment had the lowest value in 2008 (0.213) and the control treatment in 2009 (0.228) (Tables 11 and 12).
. Leaf temperatures in 2008 and 2009 showed a significant difference in both treatments and the genotype-treatments interactions (Tables 7 and 8). Genotype variations showed that in 2008 the Top76-6 genotype had the highest temperature (26.2oC), and the M81E genotype the lowest (25.6oC) (Table 9). In 2009, the Keller genotype showed the highest temperature (28.9oC), and the Dale and Top76-6 genotypes the lowest temperatures (28.4oC) (Table 10). Treatment results in 2008 showed that deheading and the t-Cinnamic acid treatments gave the highest temperature readings (26.2oC) (Table 11). The results in 2009 had the t-Cinnamic acid give the highest reading (29.9oC), with more differences of significance among the mean values.
Stem temperatures did not show any significance in 2008, but showed a change in the level of significance in 2009 (Tables 7 and 8). The stem temperatures in 2008 had the M81E, Dale, and Top76-6 genotypes all having the same highest temperature (26.4oC) (Table 9). One year later, the Dale genotype had the highest temperature (29.0oC) (Table 10). Treatments in 2008 showed that deheading and the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest temperatures (26.4oC), and the lowest temperature was from the control treatment (24.2oC) (Table 11). The t-Cinnamic acid treatment gave the highest stem temperature (28.7oC), and the lowest was from the control treatment (27.7oC) from the 2009 results (Table 12).
Chlorophyll content did not show any differences in levels of significance in both years (Tables 7 and 8). The highest SPAD value for Chlorophyll was shown by the Top76-6 genotype (53.0) in 2008, and the lowest values came from the Dale (49.5) genotype (Table 9). The 2009 values had the Keller genotype having the highest value (53.2) and the Top76-6 the lowest (51.9) SPAD value among the genotypes (Table 10). The treatments in 2008 had deheading giving the highest SPAD value (52.6) and t-Cinnamic acid treatment the lowest (49.4) (Table 11). In 2009, the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest SPAD value (53.3), and the deheading showed the lowest (51.6) values (Table 12).
Pollen sterility percentage showed high levels of significance in 2009 (Table 8). The M81E genotype showed high pollen sterility levels (32.5), the highest among the genotypes (Table 10). The treatment that gave the highest percentage of pollen sterility was the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (32.2) (Table 12).
Biochemical Traits
The extractable juice percentage from the plants showed a low difference of significance from both the treatments and the interactions of treatments and the genotype (Table 13). The genotype that had the most extractable juice from the plant was the M81E genotype (53.6), and the lowest was the Keller genotype (50.3) (Table 14). Of the four treatments available in 2009, the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest extractable juice percentage (56.3) and the control treatment (46.9) the lowest, implying that leaving the plants alone will not produce as much extractable juice (Table 15).
The juice pH or acidity showed high significance levels in the genotype and the interaction between genotype and treatments (Table 13). The genotypes had acidic juices, but the M81E and the Top76-6 genotypes are least acidic or with the highest pH number (5.0) (Table 14). For the treatments, the pH levels were not affected by any treatments, the variations only varied by 0.1-0.2, but the highest pH numbers were the control treatment (pH 5.0) and the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (5.0) (Table 15).
The total sugars present showed no significance in the genotype and the interaction of genotype and treatments, but had a high significance when it comes to treatments (Table 13). The Top76-6 genotype showed the highest percentages of total sugar (17.3) and the Keller had the lowest total sugar percentages (13.9) (Table 14). Deheading showed the greatest effect on the amount of the total sugar percentages (17.6), while the t-Cinnamic acid treatment made the least amount of total sugars (12.7) (Table 15).
The reducing sugars percentage results showed that there were some differences in the level of significance in all factors, and the combined interactions of the genotype and the treatments showed the highest difference (Table 13). For the genotypes tested, the Dale genotype had the highest reducing sugar percentage (11.1) and the Keller genotype the lowest (4.2) (Table 14). The treatments showed that the treatment that caused the highest reducing sugar percentage was the p-Coumaric acid treatment (8.6), and the treatment that gave the lowest reducing sugar percentage was the deheading treatment (5.3) (Table 15).
The nonreducing sugar percentages showed that there is a higher level of significance in the genotype and the use of treatment factors (Table 13). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest nonreducing sugar percentage (10.9), and the Dale genotype the lowest (5.1) (Table 14). The treatments that gave the highest nonreducing sugar percentages were the deheading treatment (12.2), and the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (6.6) providing the lowest percentages of nonreducing sugar (Table 15).
The starch level result showed that there were some differences in the level of significance among the three factors involved (Table 13). The genotypes that were tested had the Keller genotype having the highest levels of starch (15.8 g g), and the Top76-6 genotype having the least starch (7.8g g) (Table 14). The treatments for the plants showed that the control treatment had the highest starch levels (15.8g g), and the p-Coumaric acid treatment had the least starch of all (Table 15).
Juice purity was known to be significant for the genotype and the treatments, but nonsignificant for the interaction factor (Table 13). Of all the genotypes, the M81E showed the highest purity percentage (62.4), and the Dale genotype the lowest (32.8) (Table 14). To produce the purest juice from the sorghum, the deheading treatment showed the best result (70.7) when it comes to juice purity, while the t-Cinnamic acid treatment showed the least pure (40.6) juice (Table 15).
The number of leaves differed significantly among the genotypes in both 2008 and 2009. In 2008, genotype Top76-6 had the highest number of leaves (16.4), followed by M81E (15.6) and the lowest being Keller (11.7) (Table 3). However, M81E produced more number of leaves (12.4), followed by Keller (11.7) and Dale (11.6) in 2009 (Table 4). The foliar application of chemical sterilants and deheading did not show a significant difference for the number of leaves in 2008 (Table 1), whereas there was a significant difference in 2009 (Table 2). Deheading treatment had the maximum number of leaves (12.5) and the minimum was found in p-Coumaric acid (11.1) (Table 6). The interaction between genotype and treatment was found to be non-significant in 2008 and 2009 (Table 1 and 2).
The number of internodes per plant changed in a generally downward trend during the two years. The highest number in 2008 was the Top76-6 genotype, with 16.4 (Table 3). Using the Top 76-6 genotype as a basis, there is a significant change in the Keller and Dale genotypes, and there is no major difference in the M81E genotype. In 2009, the highest number of belonged to M81E with a 14.1 (Table 4), with a significant difference over the other three genotypes (Table 4), whose mean values are more or less the same, with an overlap. During the treatments, p-Coumaric acid has the highest number of internodes (14.8) and the minimum is deheading (14.2) (Table 5). In 2009, it was t-Cinnamic acid that has the highest number (13.4), while deheading is still the lowest (12.8) (Table 6) it is noted that the mean values are all very close to each other, and there is no significant changes (Tables 5 and 6). The treatment by chemical sterilants and deheading in 2008 did not show any significant difference as well as the genotype-treatment interaction (Table 1). In 2009, it was the genotype-treatment interaction that showed a significant difference everything else was constant (Table 2).
The third internode girth in 2008 had the Top76-6 having the highest girth at the third internode (22.8cm) and the M81E the lowest (20.3cm) (Table 3). The 2009 result shows the Keller genotype having the highest girth at the third internode (20.4cm) (Table 4). The mean values in 2009 show a near uniform amount of the internode s girth for the Dale, M81E and Top76-6 genotypes. When it comes to 2008 treatments, the treatments have the same significance levels, with deheading (21.5cm) the highest (Table 5). The trend of having near uniform girths with treatments continued on to 2009, with deheading (19.4cm) and t-Cinnamic acid (19.4cm) equaling themselves (Table 6). The interactions between genotype and treatment did not change in 2008 and 2009 (Tables 1 and 2).
The sixth internode girth showed significant differences in both genotype and the treatment-genotype interactions in 2009 (Table 2), while there was no difference in 2008 (Table 1). In the sixth internode girth, the Top76-6 genotype has the most growth (19.3 cm) and the Keller (15.8 cm) the smallest girth of the genotypes in 2008 (Table 3). The differences between the girth among the genotypes are more pronounced in this trait (Table 3). In 2009, both the Top76-6 and the Keller (16.4 cm each) have the biggest girth while the Dale genotype has the smallest (15.4 cm) girth (Table 4). Compared to what happened in 2008, the differences in girth per genotype is lower (Table 4). Treatments are more or less uniform in 2008, with the control setup (17.7 cm) having the biggest girth, and t-Cinnamic acid (17.2 cm) the smallest (Table 5). The differences in the growth due to the treatments are slightly more pronounced in 2009 (Table 6), with deheading (16.6 cm) doing the most growth from the sixth internode s girth (Table 6).
The ninth internode girth showed a significant difference in the treatment and genotype in 2009 compared to no significance in 2008 (Tables 1 and 2). In 2008, the Top76-6 genotype again has the biggest girth (15.7cm) while the Keller genotype has the smallest (12.8cm) (Table 3). The 2009 results also show the Top76-6 having the widest girth (14.3 cm) but the Keller has grown to be the second widest (13.8 cm), and the Dale genotype (12.6cm) having the smallest girth (Table 4). Much like the third and sixth internode girth rates, the ninth internode girths do not have significant differences when it came to treatments in 2008 the control and the t-Cinnamic Acid treatment (both 14.4cm) have the widest girth (Table 5). In 2009, it was deheading (14.3 cm) that produced the biggest growth in the girth of the ninth internode (Table 6).
The average stem girth of the plant has these findings There was no significant difference in the treatment and the interactions of genotype and treatment in 2008 (Table 1), while there is a significant difference in the treatments in 2009 (Table 2). In the genotypes, the Top76-6 is the highest performer (19.3cmplant) when it comes to average stem girth, while the Keller genotype (16.5cmplant) is the smallest overall in 2008 (Table 3). In 2009, it was the Keller genotype that produced the higher average stem girth per plant (16.9cmplant), and the Dale is the underperforming genotype (15.6cmplant) (Table 4). The treatment that gave the highest average girth was deheading (17.8cmplant) in 2008, but the mean values were very close to one another (Table 5). The 2009 result also had deheading as the treatment that produces the highest average stem girth (16.8cmplant) (Table 6). The difference of the different treatments were also not significant as the mean values were also consistent with one another (Table 5 and 6).
The Brix percentage has been affected by treatments, genotypes and their interactions in 2008. There were very significant differences, which changed a little bit in 2009, as the Brix percentage was not affected by the interactions of the treatments and the genotype (Tables 1 and 2). The genotypes in 2008 showed significant differences in the Brix percentage with the Keller genotype (20.6) having the highest, and the M81E (17.6) the lowest (Table 3). One year later, the Brix percentages dropped overall and there were still significant differences between the genotypes, but the Top76-6 had the highest (17.3) and the M81E (15.2) the lowest (Table 4). The treatments in 2009 had deheading (16.9) having the highest Brix percentage, while having significant differences in the mean values (Table 6). The 2008 result also had deheading (19.9) as the highest, but the mean values were more or less not significantly different from each other (Table 5).
The juice yield was not significantly different in 2008, but the treatment made significant changes in 2009 (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest juice yield (25.1 kLha), and the trend showed that it had a clear lead over the other genotypes (Table 3). One year later, there was a general increase in juice yield over all genotypes, and the Keller (35.7 kLha) has the highest juice yield (Table 4). Deheading treatments produced the highest juice yield (22.0kLha) in 2008 (Table 5). In 2009, it was deheading and the p-Coumaric acid treatments (both 33.0klha) that produced the highest juice yield on sorghum.
Stem fresh weights are not significantly different in 2008 (Table 1), but the interactions of treatments and genotypes did play a significant factor on the differences one year later (Table 2). The Top76-6 genotype showed the heaviest (35.9tha) weight (Table 3), but the other genotypes did not have significant differences in their weights. One year later, the Keller genotype was the heaviest (71.1tha) of the genotypes by a wide margin, again with the other genotypes mean weights were not significantly different from one another (Table 4). In terms of treatments, deheading gave the highest value (31.4tha) in 2008 and also in 2009 (62.0tha) (Table 5 and 6).
The extractable juice has a significant difference in 2008, especially on treatments and the interactions between the genotype and treatments (Table 1). The genotypes show minimal differences in the extractable juice mean percentages, but the Top76-6 genotype has the most (70) in 2008 (Table 3). Treatments showed that the best treatment to get as much extractable juice from sorghum is deheading (70) (Table 5).
The total fresh biomass amounts were not very significant in 2008, but there was increasing significance in 2009, especially on the treatment significance (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest fresh biomass (44.2tha) of all the genotypes in 2008, and there is a significant difference between the mean values of the genotypes(Table 3). In 2009 however, the Keller genotype became the biggest source of fresh biomass (73.1tha), with a significant difference over other genotypes (Table 4). The p-Coumaric acid treatment gave the highest number (38.6tha) of the total fresh biomass in 2008 (Table 5), while t-Cinnamic acid treatments gave the highest number of fresh biomass available in 2009 (Table 6).
Sugar yield differed significantly in both years and in all factors involved (Tables 1 and 2).The Top 76-6 genotype offered the highest sugar yield (4.7tha) in 2008, a significant difference over the mean yield of the other genotypes (Table 3). In a years time, the Keller genotype had the highest sugar yield (5.9tha), again with a significant difference over the other genotypes of sorghum (Table 4). In 2008, deheading treatments gave the highest sugar yield (4.3tha) with the lowest yield the control (3.3tha) having a significant difference over the rest of the treatments (Table 5). In 2009, deheading and p-Coumaric acid treatments produced the highest sugar yields (both 5.5tha), but with higher differences of significance (Table 6).
The panicle fresh weight had a significant difference in the treatment factor in 2008 (Table 1), but lost significance in 2009 (Table 2). The M81E genotype had the heaviest panicle fresh weight (4.0tha) among the genotypes, with a high degree of difference among the mean values of the weights of the genotypes in 2008 (Table 3). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest weight among the genotypes (3.5tha) with lower differences of significance between the genotypes in 2009 (Table 4). In 2008, t-Cinnamic acid treatments showed the highest weight (3.7tha), and in 2009, the control setup (3.0tha) showed the highest weight, both with lower differences of significance between treatment measures (Tables 5 and 6). Deheading is not included because it involves removal of the panicles.
Stem dry weights showed no difference in significance in 2008 (Table 1), but showed a difference in 2009, especially in the treatment factors (Table 2). Among the genotypes in 2008, the Top76-6 had the highest stem dry weights (10.7tha) with little difference of significance between the other genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Keller genotype had the highest stem dry weights (13.1tha), again with little difference of significance (Table 4). Treatments in 2008 showed that deheading and p-Coumaric acid treatments showed the highest stem dry weights (9.4tha each), with no differences of significance (Table 5). Deheading showed the highest stem dry weight readings (13.3tha) with some differences of significance within the four treatments (Table 6).
The total dry biomass had a difference of significance in the treatments factor (Table 1) in 2008, which it retained with no change in 2009 (Table 2). The different genotypes in 2008 showed that the Top76-6 had the highest amount (15.8tha) of dry biomass, with little difference of significance among the genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Keller genotype had the highest (19.4tha) amount, and like last year, showed a little difference of significance. The 2008 treatments showed that both p-Coumaric acid and t-Cinnamic acid treatments give the highest total dry biomass (both 14.6tha), while the control setup had the highest amount (18.6tha) of the total dry biomass, but this time with higher differences of significance (Tables 5 and 6).
The grain yield showed a high degree of difference of significance in 2008, and the same trend continued in 2009 (Tables 1and 2). The genotypes showed a high difference of significance, and the Dale genotype has the highest yield (1.071tha) in 2008 (Table 3). After one year, the Top76-6 genotype got the highest grain yield (0352tha), and the difference in significance had lowered and had become more uniform (Table 4). Treatments in 2008 showed that t-Cinnamic acid had the highest grain yield (0.989tha) and the lowest is p-Coumaric acid (0.753tha) (Table 5). In 2009, the amounts lowered, but the t-Cinnamic acid treatment still provided the highest grain yield among the treatments (0.347tha) (Table 6).
The grain harvest index percentage showed a high difference of significance in both 2008 and 2009 (Tables 1 and 2). The Dale genotype has the highest grain harvest percentage (7.9) in 2008, together with a high difference of significance between the genotypes (Table 3). In 2009, the Dale genotype still had the highest harvest index percentage (2.200), and the high difference trend still continues (Table 4). The treatments of 2008 showed that t-Cinnamic acid produced a high grain harvest index (7.0) and the difference of significance is lower (Table 5). In 2009, the t-Cinnamic acid treatment still produced the highest grain harvest index (2.1), and it retained the low difference of significance (Table 6).
The sugar harvest index percentage was highly affected by the differences of significance in 2008, but lost the significance in 2009, leaving only treatments that are affected (Tables 1 and 2). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest sugar harvest index (29.9), and the lowest is M81E (26.6) in 2008 (Table 3). The sugar harvest index climbed a little overall after one year, and the Keller genotype (30.5) showed the highest of the genotypes (Table 4). The difference of significance was near zero. The deheading treatment had the highest harvest index (35.3) in 2008 than the p-Coumaric acid treatment (33.7) in 2009. The 2009 treatments had less difference of significance than in 2008 (Tables 5 and 6).
Physiological Traits
Fo is affected by the treatments and the interaction of the treatments and the genotype in 2008 (Table 7), hence the high difference in significance. In 2009, the difference went even higher as all factors were now significant (Table 8). The Fo levels on the genotypes in 2008 showed that the mean values are all close to each other and there was no significant difference, and the Top76-6 had the highest Fo (295.1) level (Table 9). In 2009, it was the M81E genotype that had the highest Fo value (341.1), and there is little difference of significance (Table 10). For the treatments, in both 2008 and 2009, the highest Fo value was the control treatment (303.1 in 2008 and 332.4 in 2009) (Tables 11 and 12).
Fm did not show any difference in significance in all factors in both years (Tables 7 and 8). The Dale genotype had the highest Fm value (1324.1) and the Top76-6 genotype the lowest (1261.9) in 2008 (Table 9). The M81E genotype had the highest Fm value (1477.7), and the Top76-6 genotype the lowest (1358.5) one year later (Table 10). The 2008 control treatment showed the highest Fm value (1342.0), and it continued on in 2009 (1458.4) (Tables 11 and 12).
The FoFm values were also not significantly different from each other in both 2008 and 2009 (Tables 7 and 8). In 2008, the highest value on the genotypes was from the Top76-6 (0.236), and the lowest value came from the Keller (0.215) genotype (Table 9). In 2009, the Dale and Keller genotypes had the highest values (0.236), and the M81E genotype had the lowest value (0.232) (Table 10). In both years, deheading treatments provided the highest FoFm values (0.233 in 2008, 0.243 in 2009) (Tables 11 and 12). The p-Coumaric acid treatment had the lowest value in 2008 (0.213) and the control treatment in 2009 (0.228) (Tables 11 and 12).
. Leaf temperatures in 2008 and 2009 showed a significant difference in both treatments and the genotype-treatments interactions (Tables 7 and 8). Genotype variations showed that in 2008 the Top76-6 genotype had the highest temperature (26.2oC), and the M81E genotype the lowest (25.6oC) (Table 9). In 2009, the Keller genotype showed the highest temperature (28.9oC), and the Dale and Top76-6 genotypes the lowest temperatures (28.4oC) (Table 10). Treatment results in 2008 showed that deheading and the t-Cinnamic acid treatments gave the highest temperature readings (26.2oC) (Table 11). The results in 2009 had the t-Cinnamic acid give the highest reading (29.9oC), with more differences of significance among the mean values.
Stem temperatures did not show any significance in 2008, but showed a change in the level of significance in 2009 (Tables 7 and 8). The stem temperatures in 2008 had the M81E, Dale, and Top76-6 genotypes all having the same highest temperature (26.4oC) (Table 9). One year later, the Dale genotype had the highest temperature (29.0oC) (Table 10). Treatments in 2008 showed that deheading and the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest temperatures (26.4oC), and the lowest temperature was from the control treatment (24.2oC) (Table 11). The t-Cinnamic acid treatment gave the highest stem temperature (28.7oC), and the lowest was from the control treatment (27.7oC) from the 2009 results (Table 12).
Chlorophyll content did not show any differences in levels of significance in both years (Tables 7 and 8). The highest SPAD value for Chlorophyll was shown by the Top76-6 genotype (53.0) in 2008, and the lowest values came from the Dale (49.5) genotype (Table 9). The 2009 values had the Keller genotype having the highest value (53.2) and the Top76-6 the lowest (51.9) SPAD value among the genotypes (Table 10). The treatments in 2008 had deheading giving the highest SPAD value (52.6) and t-Cinnamic acid treatment the lowest (49.4) (Table 11). In 2009, the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest SPAD value (53.3), and the deheading showed the lowest (51.6) values (Table 12).
Pollen sterility percentage showed high levels of significance in 2009 (Table 8). The M81E genotype showed high pollen sterility levels (32.5), the highest among the genotypes (Table 10). The treatment that gave the highest percentage of pollen sterility was the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (32.2) (Table 12).
Biochemical Traits
The extractable juice percentage from the plants showed a low difference of significance from both the treatments and the interactions of treatments and the genotype (Table 13). The genotype that had the most extractable juice from the plant was the M81E genotype (53.6), and the lowest was the Keller genotype (50.3) (Table 14). Of the four treatments available in 2009, the p-Coumaric acid treatment showed the highest extractable juice percentage (56.3) and the control treatment (46.9) the lowest, implying that leaving the plants alone will not produce as much extractable juice (Table 15).
The juice pH or acidity showed high significance levels in the genotype and the interaction between genotype and treatments (Table 13). The genotypes had acidic juices, but the M81E and the Top76-6 genotypes are least acidic or with the highest pH number (5.0) (Table 14). For the treatments, the pH levels were not affected by any treatments, the variations only varied by 0.1-0.2, but the highest pH numbers were the control treatment (pH 5.0) and the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (5.0) (Table 15).
The total sugars present showed no significance in the genotype and the interaction of genotype and treatments, but had a high significance when it comes to treatments (Table 13). The Top76-6 genotype showed the highest percentages of total sugar (17.3) and the Keller had the lowest total sugar percentages (13.9) (Table 14). Deheading showed the greatest effect on the amount of the total sugar percentages (17.6), while the t-Cinnamic acid treatment made the least amount of total sugars (12.7) (Table 15).
The reducing sugars percentage results showed that there were some differences in the level of significance in all factors, and the combined interactions of the genotype and the treatments showed the highest difference (Table 13). For the genotypes tested, the Dale genotype had the highest reducing sugar percentage (11.1) and the Keller genotype the lowest (4.2) (Table 14). The treatments showed that the treatment that caused the highest reducing sugar percentage was the p-Coumaric acid treatment (8.6), and the treatment that gave the lowest reducing sugar percentage was the deheading treatment (5.3) (Table 15).
The nonreducing sugar percentages showed that there is a higher level of significance in the genotype and the use of treatment factors (Table 13). The Top76-6 genotype had the highest nonreducing sugar percentage (10.9), and the Dale genotype the lowest (5.1) (Table 14). The treatments that gave the highest nonreducing sugar percentages were the deheading treatment (12.2), and the t-Cinnamic acid treatment (6.6) providing the lowest percentages of nonreducing sugar (Table 15).
The starch level result showed that there were some differences in the level of significance among the three factors involved (Table 13). The genotypes that were tested had the Keller genotype having the highest levels of starch (15.8 g g), and the Top76-6 genotype having the least starch (7.8g g) (Table 14). The treatments for the plants showed that the control treatment had the highest starch levels (15.8g g), and the p-Coumaric acid treatment had the least starch of all (Table 15).
Juice purity was known to be significant for the genotype and the treatments, but nonsignificant for the interaction factor (Table 13). Of all the genotypes, the M81E showed the highest purity percentage (62.4), and the Dale genotype the lowest (32.8) (Table 14). To produce the purest juice from the sorghum, the deheading treatment showed the best result (70.7) when it comes to juice purity, while the t-Cinnamic acid treatment showed the least pure (40.6) juice (Table 15).
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